3-D Periodic Tables

As James Elkins says in his book How to Use Your Eyes;
the standard periodic table "..serves many purposes well, but is also full of drawbacks.
...there is a big gap at the top, as if a chunk had been taken out of it.
And at the bottom there are two extra strips of elements that could not be fitted onto the table."

fig.1 the standard flat form, with the blocks in different colors - showing a wide and two less wide gaps in periods at the top and the two displaced Rare Earth groups at the bottom (which belong between the left two blocks), plus a jump at the end of every period.




fig.2 An early spiral element arrangement by Hackh.




fig.3 Benfey's spiral with block extensions.

Flattening the periodic table requires placing gaps between some element blocks, jumps at the end of periods, and complete displacement of 28 elements - the Rare Earths (fig.1). The desired "Mendeleev's line" - all the elements in a row - if flat, must be a 100+ element ribbon of the successively numbered elements, becoming three dimensional by the necessity of wrapping the "line" to place elements in their groups. This forms a spiral.

The Alexander Arrangement of Elements is just such a spiral model, only departing from the standard arrangement by the patented slant in the p-block to connect elements at the end of one period to that beginning the next.

Spiral arrangements are favored by periodic table developers to overcome contradictions to between the chart and the Law of periodic tables. This has been done many times in 2-D art as well as 3-D models.

Contiguous and continuous elements arrangements of elements are only possible with spiral or helical designs, healing the incorrect and often confusing gaps between blocks and joining the end of one period to the beginning of the next. Family and other relationships apparent on spiral art are hard to portray (fig.3). Also, 2-D spiral illustrations have difficulty with the inclusion of much information in the element "boxes" (fig.4).

A periodic table chart printed on a vertical plane with the element line wrapped and touching top and bottom in 3-D space, is a helix, the printed element boxes finding new connections (fig.5). This provides an ideal method for displaying all the graphic, textual, and symbolic data that could be found on a flat table, but losing the breaks and discontinuities.

While three-dimensional helical tabular periodic tables may appear novel, they are historically correct. As a matter of fact, the very first true periodic table was such a 3-D helix (fig.7) - the Telluric Screw - of the available elements at the time by Alexandre-Emile de Chancourtois in 1862 (fig.6). Over 10 years later, Mendeleev developed the Periodic Law, which has been the guiding force behind all periodic tables since, but only obeyed in 3-D tables.

fig.5 The Alexander Arrangement.




fig.6 Alexandre Emile Beguyer de Chancourtois invented the periodic table, in 3-D, in 1862, about 7 years prior to the announcement of Meyer’s and Mendeleev’s flat periodic tables.




fig.7 de Chancourtois' Vis Tellurique.